Sources & citations

Editorial note: Government / official

Federal Student Aid, U.S. Department of Education. "Federal Student Aid Posts Updated Reports to FSA Data Center." Electronic announcement, August 21, 2025. https://fsapartners.ed.gov/knowledge-center/library/electronic-announcements/2025-08-21/federal-student-aid-posts-updated-reports-fsa-data-center.

Editorial note: Nonpartisan / government

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. "Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2024: Higher Education and Student Loans." May 2025. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/2025-economic-well-being-of-us-households-in-2024-higher-education-and-student-loans.htm.

Editorial note: Nonpartisan

Mezza, Alvaro A., Daniel R. Ringo, Shane M. Sherlund, and Kamila Sommer. "Student Loans and Homeownership." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-010. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2016. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/student-loans-and-homeownership.htm.

Editorial note: Center-left

Scott-Clayton, Judith. "The Looming Student Loan Default Crisis Is Worse than We Thought." Brookings Institution Evidence Speaks Reports, Vol. 2, No. 34, January 10, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-looming-student-loan-default-crisis-is-worse-than-we-thought/.

Editorial note: Center-left

Looney, Adam, and Constantine Yannelis. "A Crisis in Student Loans? How Changes in the Characteristics of Borrowers and in the Institutions They Attended Contributed to Rising Loan Defaults." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Brookings Institution, 2015. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/a-crisis-in-student-loans-how-changes-in-the-characteristics-of-borrowers-and-in-the-institutions-they-attended-contributed-to-rising-loan-defaults/.

Editorial note: Nonpartisan

Penn Wharton Budget Model. "Forgiving Student Loans: Budgetary Costs and Distributional Impact." University of Pennsylvania, August 23, 2022. https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2022/8/23/forgiving-student-loans.

Editorial note: Nonpartisan

Penn Wharton Budget Model. "The Biden Student Loan Forgiveness Plan: Budgetary Costs and Distributional Impact." University of Pennsylvania, August 26, 2022. https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/p/2022-08-26-the-biden-student-loan-forgiveness-plan/.

Editorial note: Right-leaning

Butcher, Jonathan, and Lindsey Burke. "Seven Reasons Why President Biden's Student-Loan Debt Transfer Is Bad for America." The Heritage Foundation, August 29, 2022. https://www.heritage.org/education/report/seven-reasons-why-president-bidens-student-loan-debt-transfer-bad-america.

Editorial note: Right-leaning

The Heritage Foundation. "Federal Court to Biden on the Student Loan Bailout: It's Still Illegal." August 30, 2024. https://www.heritage.org/courts/commentary/federal-court-biden-the-student-loan-bailout-its-still-illegal.

Editorial note: Center

National Center for Education Statistics. "Fast Facts: Student Debt." U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, 2024. https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=900.